Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Essay - 1325 Words

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate and is the immediate supply of energy for biological processes. The ATP consists of an organic nitrogenous base, Adenosine, which is one of the four bases found in a DNA strand, it also consists of a ribose sugar with three phosphates joined by high energy bonds. The energy itself is stored in the form of high-energy chemical bonds; this energy is released on hydrolysis, i.e. by the reaction with water, in a similar way peptide bonds are hydrolysed in proteins. ATP is adapted to is highly suited to its function and role within living organisms as it is easily broken down and is thus a store for immediate energy; it is also a small molecule and can easily move around cells†¦show more content†¦The hydrogen ions produced from their removal from the reduced hydrogen acceptors are utilised in the proton pump theory and synthesise 28 ATP molecules. Overall, the whole process of cellular respiration produces 38 ATP molecules (per molecule of glucose) (Glycolysis = 8 ATP, Krebs = 2 ATP, Electron transport chain = 28 ATP). We have established how ATP is produced in respiration, but the role of ATP is much more widespread. ATP is used in the kidney for example, where the process of active transport is dominant. Active transport is the movement of substances against the concentration gradient using ATP from respiration and carrier proteins in the membrane. The active transport of sodium ions from the ascending limb into the medullary tissue involves ATP, which allows the water to be reabsorbed because the water potential of the tissue surrounding the loop of henle is decreased. ATP is also used in proteins synthesis, which occurs when the bases are forming bonds by complimentary base pairing e.g. A-T, C-G during semi conservative replication where one half of the original parent DNA is conserved in the daughter DNA, or during transcription, whichShow MoreRelatedThe Energy Systems : Atp ( Adenosine Triphosphate )1364 Words   |  6 PagesThe Energy Systems ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is produced by almost all living things. They are produced in organelles called mitochondria, which are found in cells. ATP is not energy; rather, it temporarily stores energy in its bonds. When the third phosphate bond is broken, energy is released. This then creates ADP, which has one less phosphate attached to the group. The process of respiration uses two energy systems. Aerobic Respiration, meaning with oxygen , is used for long-term, steadyRead MoreThe Different Ways in Which Organism Use Atp774 Words   |  4 PagesAdenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide used in cells as a coenzyme. It is often called the molecular unit of currency of energy transfer. ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is produced by photo-phosphorylation and cellular respiration and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including active transport, respiration, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by ATP synthaseRead MoreCellular Respiration : Energy From Food Sources1596 Words   |  7 Pagesof stored energy called ATP or adenosine triphosphate. In order for our body to use the energy we make our cells need the energy to be transferred into ATP, adenosine triphosphate to be able to let our body do anything. Adenosine triphosphate is made up of adenine, ribose and three phosphate groups attached to it. The three phosphate groups are very uncomfortable being next to each other, so ATP splits them up shifts one of the phosphate groups off the end creating Adenosine diphosphate. In this reactionRead MoreGenetic Disease And Its Effects On The Body1113 Words   |  5 Pages(Haldeman-Englert, 2014). McArdle’s disease is also known as Type V Glycogen Storage Disorder. It affects approximately one out of every 100,000 people (McArdlesDisease.org, n.d.). Glycogen is broken down into glucose, which is used to produce adenosine triphosphate for muscle energy. Patients can live relatively normal lives with this disease once proper care and education has been provided (Kitaoka, 2014). Genetic Nature McArdle’s disease is seen as muscle dysfunction caused by a mutation in the geneRead MoreEssay on Firefly Lab Report1141 Words   |  5 PagesThe effect of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) on bioluminescence in fireflies. Introduction Adenosine triphosphate, also known as ATP, is the supply of energy found in every cell that we need in order to do essentially everything (Anonymous, 2008). It is an energy source for biochemical reactions such as muscle contraction, active transport, molecular synthesis, and in fireflies, also known as lightening bugs, bioluminescence (Biology Book). Bioluminescence is the process in which living organismsRead MoreAdenosine Triphosphate Essay624 Words   |  3 Pages Adenosine Triphosphate All living organisms require a continuous supply of energy to survive. At any one time there are millions of chemical reactions occurring simultaneously, with some reactions requiring energy and others releasing energy. The combination of simultaneous interrelated chemical reactions taking place at any given time in a cell at any given time is referred to as metabolism. Energy is needed in biological organisms for: - synthesis of chemicals Read MoreCellular Respiration And Its Effect On The Larger Picture Essay765 Words   |  4 PagesCellular Respiration Introduction: One commonality among all organisms is cellular respiration. In this process, energy from chemical bonds is harvested from glucose and stored in adenosine triphosphate. Due to this ubiquitousness of cellular respiration, biologists need to understand the process in depth, but broad overview will allow a better understanding of how the more complex pieces fit in the larger picture. Cellular respiration has for main steps and proceeds as follows: 1. Active TransportRead MoreWhy Do We Need Energy?1587 Words   |  7 Pagescovering three key areas first of whom; why we need energy, secondly it will give an outline of what ATP is and its role in the body and it will outline the main energy sources required for energy release. Basal metabolism, body composition, digestion and absorption, physical energy and mental energy are the five key reasons why we need energy. The process of using energy begins with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) this is a compound which scientists referred to and defined as the currency for energy exchangeRead MoreCellular Respiration Assignment1438 Words   |  6 Pagesphosphate is removed from ATP? There are three phosphate groups in ATP molecule (Adenosine Triphosphate), when removing one phosphate molecule, ADP molecule is formed (Adenosine Diphosphate). 2. What is the function of ATP? Describe the molecule. The function of ATP is storing energy within a cell. ATP is adenosine triphosphate, C10H16N5O13P3, a high energy complex, giving the necessary power to push metabolistic reactions in the body. Its composed of adenosine, a ribose sugar, and threeRead MoreMitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalopathy Disease ( Mngie )1461 Words   |  6 Pagesthymidine phosphorylase causes MNGIE and lowers the production of adenosine triphosphate production. To begin, mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy disease is related to adenosine triphosphate because it lowers the production. In a case report on Hindawi called â€Å" Anesthetic Management of a Child with Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalopathy† it states, â€Å" These mutations can result in a decrease in ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation in the respiratory chain

What Is The Theme Of Silence In Post-Colonial Literature

‘Silence’ is a recurring theme in post-colonial literature. It is a form of communication. It is a notable concept in Literature that attracts many readers. Not all silences sound same. The expression of silence reveals different meaning s to different persons on different situations. Silence arising in the midst of a conversation can sometimes be comfortable and meaningful, whereas in other situations they remain as an obstacle between the communicators. Especially silence of women may express agreement without any objection, fear, pain, suffering, endurance or a means of protest.1 But according to Shakespeare â€Å"Silence is the perfect herald of joy† in Much Ado about Nothing. 2 In the novels of Shashi Despande , Silence is the theme†¦show more content†¦That Long Silence is a saga of a suppressed woman who is prisoned in the room of silence because they are unable to prove themselves as individuals. She tried to present an exceptional character of a woman who is desperately wishing to erase a long silence begun in childhood and rooted in her throughout her life. It is Jaya’s journey in search of one’s true self who confronts the gender oriented traditional speculation. Jaya being educated was leading a life without any purpose. She is an object of deep sympathy. A woman with graduation in English, a creative writer and a columnist doesn’t get the right place for her such attributes. Her husband brought up in a typical traditional environment perceived his wife as Sita and Savitri. All her family members are leading their lives as per their wish but she neither express herself nor achieve anything. So taking the shelter on silen ce she allowed her family to possess her body and soul. Others are silent towards her, no one take care of her expectations and happiness. This novel reflects how silence strengthens men and weakens women. With great zeal her father christened her â€Å"Jaya† means Victory and taught by him that she can win over anyone. But the sudden death of her father changed her attitude towards life. She says: â€Å"It’s not just that he died . . . it’s what he . . . he gave me a wrong idea of myself, of . . . my whole life changed . . . he was.† (TLS 154) Her mother’ discriminating attitude towards her andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem My Mother Breed By Anita Desai1701 Words   |  7 Pagesindependence. Patriarchal contaminations of societies submerge the unifying realm of female emancipation; masculine sovereignty suffocates the woman’s voice in the silence of the sacred seas. Secular literature documents the exclusion of the female gender in a cultural mosaic that recognizes the alliance between water and women. 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A traditional reading of The Tempest would position Prospero as the victim of unjustRead MoreEssay on 20th Century Latin American Literature3323 Words   |  14 Pages20th Century Latin American Literature Global literatures in English have always played a key role in developing international understanding and appreciation for the social realities and cultural developments beyond Western lifestyles and familiarity. For anthropologists seeking to perceive the social realities of 20th century Latin America, the work of popular authors and novelists of this century is invaluable. Popular authors are the modern mouthpieces of the people and societies who readRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Stranger By Charles Camus2947 Words   |  12 PagesWhile studying many works of literature, several themes present themselves in in-depth readings, such as the theme of otherness in Albert Camus’ â€Å"The Guest†. This story centers on a character, an outsider, who is trying to fit into the society in the story. It may not be the fact that the stranger is different in looks, culture, or language like it is in this short story, but it is just the fact that they are not the same, which causes them to be the outsider and fulfill the role of the othernessRead MoreEast African Culture Reflects on Their Drama Using Aminata, Echoes of Silence and I Will Marry When I Want as Case Study12168 Words   |  49 PagesAFRICAN DRAMA) SUBMITTED BY : GROUP 4 QUESTION: THE CULTURE OF THE PEOPLE DETERMINES ITS DRAMA. DISCUSS THE EAST AFRICAN EXPERIENCE AS EXEMPLIFY IN FRANCES LIMBULGA’S AMMATA, NGUGI WA THIONGO’ S I WILL MARRY WHEN I WANT AND JOHN RUGANDA’S ECHOES OF SILENCE. LECTURER-IN-CHARGE: DR OLANIYAN MRS LIST OF GROUP MEMBERS. OGUNFEIBO AYOKUNLE O 1002630 IBITOYE EBUNOLUWA ABIGAEL 1000154 ADEBIYI ADEBIMPE MOYOYINOLUWA 1000074 ADEOYE ADEDAYO DAVID 1000084 FADARE OLUYEMI ABIOLA Read MoreEssay on The Mother-Daughter Relationship in Lucy by Jamaica Kincaid1452 Words   |  6 Pagesyoung couple, and their four girls. As in her other books—especially Annie John—Kincaid uses the mother-daughter relationship as a means to expose some of her underlying themes. Unlike in her novel Annie John, however, Kincaid does not specify which West Indian Island Lucy hails from. It also seems to be set in the post colonial period and there is evidence that this island was a colony of England. 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Multi-agency working in a special school setting Free Essays

string(281) " research base in this country proposes that multi-agency working is a cardinal facilitating factor for enabling kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles to derive improved life-chances and educational chances every bit good as supplying support for parents and carers\." There are about 15,000 kids ( aged under 18 ) with complex and profound acquisition troubles in England ( DCSF, 2008, School Census ) . The Department for Children, Schools and Families ( DCSF ) define composite and profound tilting troubles in the undermentioned footings: In add-on to really terrible larning troubles, the kids will hold other important troubles, such as physical disablements, centripetal damage or a terrible medical status. They require a high degree of big support, for their personal attention every bit good as for their acquisition demands. We will write a custom essay sample on Multi-agency working in a special school setting or any similar topic only for you Order Now They are likely to necessitate centripetal stimulation and a course of study that is broken down into really little stairss. Some kids with profound and multiple acquisition troubles communicate by gesture, oculus pointing or symbols ; others communicate by utilizing really simple linguistic communication. For the intent of this survey, in line with the DCSF definition, pupils with complex and profound acquisition troubles are defined as those who portion two features: a profound cognitive damage or larning trouble ; and a complex interaction of troubles in more than one country of operation. Evidence suggests that locally coordinated proviso is being adopted nationally as a person-centred attack to the demands of kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles ( Hirst and Baldwin, 1994 ) . Despite this, the Further Education Funding Council for Learning Difficulties and/or Disabilities Committee ( FEFC, 1996 ) suggests there are still promotions to be made in be aftering between professional groups in order to advance educational patterned advance and societal inclusion ( Department of Health, 2001 ) . In relation to these findings this paper describes a research survey that aims to measure the effectiveness multi-agency working within a proviso for kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles. Multi-agency working: a argument over conceptualization In past research, the footings inter-agency and multi-agency have been used interchangeably, doing the construct of multi-agency working less clear. Some research workers, such as Carpenter ( 1995 ) have suggested that the differentiation between the two is numerical, whereby ; ‘inter-agency ‘ refers to two professionals workings together, such as a instructor and instruction helper, whilst ‘multi-agency ‘ working refers to a state of affairs when there are more than two professional groups are involved, such as a primary school instructor, physical therapist and larning support instructor. Other authors suggest the difference between inter-agency and multi-agency working roots from issues of professional boundaries. For illustration, inter-agency working could be seen as â€Å" like you are traversing into another infinite†¦ † ( Pirrie et al. , 1998, p.213 ) where there are clear function definitions, whilst multi-agency working can be seen as advancing blurred boundaries between professional groups ( Wilson and Pirrie, 2000 ) . The DfES defines multi-agency working as: â€Å" †¦ different services and squads of professionals and other staff working together to supply the services that to the full meet the demands of kids, immature people and their parents or carers. † ( DfES, 2004, p.18 ) . It is believed that the term ‘multi-agency ‘ working screens a wide array of engagement, which could run from meetings between professionals from different bureaus to professionals working collaboratively over long periods of clip and across local communities ( Barnes, 2008 ) . For the intent of this survey, multi-agency working will affect different professionals working together on a regular footing over a considerable period of clip at The Meadows[ 1 ]to run into the demands of the students who attend. Multi-agency working to back up kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles: the demand to organize services Over clip, there has been a gradual displacement in the perceptual experience of persons with complex and profound acquisition troubles. Whereby, the medical theoretical account, with its concentration on personal shortage, is bit by bit germinating into a societal theoretical account which highlights the impact of environmental factors, societal factors and entree to educational chances on the lives of those with complex and profound acquisition troubles ( World Health Organization, 2001 ) . The increasing focal point on quality of life has highlighted the demand for professional bureaus to work collaboratively, if those with complex and profound acquisition troubles are to take richer lives ( Mencap, 2000 ; Barnes, 2008 ) . Besides, multi-agency working is being progressively seen as a agency of enabling improved entree to specialist support and resources, easing inclusion and ensuing in raised attainment ( Forbes, 2007 ) . Roaf ( 2002 ) suggests that multi-agency working enables kids with complex educational demands to make their full potency, stating: â€Å" Despite the complexness of their troubles, in school, instructors frequently find that when professionals work closely together, immature people reach their educational potency†¦ † ( p. 2 ) . Roaf ( 2002 ) besides highlights how, in contrast to multi-agency working, accessing services which are fragmented can frequently take to holds in accessing support and kids can at times get ‘lost in the system ‘ . Further research suggests that kids with complex and profound demands frequently experience co-occurring and overlapping troubles ( Maras et al. , 2002 ) which require a holistic appraisal of single demands through multi-disciplinary working. Multi-agency working has been identified as an effectual method of early designation and intercession to turn to complex demands ( Carpenter, 2000 ) and the demand to better multi-agency working to back up persons with complex and profound acquisition troubles was highlighted in the White Paper Valuing People ( Department of Health, DoH 2001 ) . Valuing Peoples advocates a person-centred attack to presenting â€Å" existent alteration in the lives of people with larning disablements † ( p. 5 ) by supplying â€Å" a individual, multi-agency mechanism for accomplishing this † ( p.5 ) . The paper suggests that in order to make the cardinal aim that â€Å" handicapped kids gain maximal life-chance benefits from educational chances, † ( p. 122 ) it is indispensable that wellness attention and societal attention should follow a multi-agency, coordinated attack to back up persons, every bit good as their parents or carers. The overarching purpose of coordinating service s through joint on the job patterns across wellness, societal attention and instruction is to supply a ‘seamless service ‘ ( DfES, 2003, 2004 ) to give kids the best possible start in life and to get the better of the troubles otherwise faced by households through fragmented services ( DoH, 2006 ) . The research base in this country proposes that multi-agency working is a cardinal facilitating factor for enabling kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles to derive improved life-chances and educational chances every bit good as supplying support for parents and carers. You read "Multi-agency working in a special school setting" in category "Essay examples" The following measure is to see how effectual multi-agency working can be achieved. Pulling on the grounds: factors which facilitate effectual multi-agency working Literature from an organizational psychological science perspective suggests that merely seting persons from professional groups together does non needfully take to effectual multi-agency or collaborative working ( Clark, 1993 ; Pirrie et al. , 1998 ) . Alternatively it is proposed that effectual multi-agency working is dependent on broad scope of factors, such as a blurring of professional boundaries which leads to the formation of â€Å" trust, tolerance and a willingness to portion duty † ( Nolan, 1995, p. 306 ) . Besides, success depends on the creative activity of a new manner of working that identifies common ends ( Pirrie et al. , 1998 ) , offers clear way at a strategic degree ( Atkinson et al. , 2005 ) and encourages a personal committedness from squad members ( Wilson and Pirrie, 2000 ) . Guidance from Every Child Matters: alteration for kids, provinces: To work successfully on a multi-agency footing you need to be clear about your ain function and aware of the functions of other professionals ; you need to be confident about your ain criterions and marks and respectful of those that apply to other services, actively seeking and esteeming the cognition and input others can do to presenting best results for kids and immature people. ( DfES, 2004, p. 18 ) A elaborate survey carried out with 139 members of multi-agency squads ( Local Government Area Research Report 26 ; Atkinson et al. , 2002 ) found that the primary accomplishments identified for successful multi-agency working across a scope of scenes include: a committedness from all involved ; understanding ain and other ‘s functions and duties ; holding common purposes and aims to work towards ; effectual communicating and information sharing ; strong leading ; holding support or resources needed ; and good working relationships and holding equal clip. Sloper ( 2004 ) found factors at an organizational degree which facilitate multi-agency working include: the planning, execution and on-going direction of multi-agency services ; clear and realistic purposes and aims that are easy understood and accepted ; clearly defined functions and duties with clear lines of answerability ; strong leading from a multi-agency guidance or direction group ; guaranting good systems of communicating and information sharing at all degrees ; and an agreed timetable and incremental attack for alteration. In drumhead, scenes where effectual multi-agency working has been established with a strong committedness from professionals involved has lead to better results for kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles ; nevertheless, the manner in which this is achieved is non simple. There are cardinal constituents identified within the research which are thought to ease multi-agency working but accomplishing effectual multi-agency working is non a straightforward procedure and may change from one puting to another. Based on a reappraisal of the literature around factors which affect multi-agency working, repeating subjects include: the apprehension of functions and duties ; effectual communicating and information sharing ; positive working relationships between persons from different bureaus ; and organizational factors such as how multi-agency working is managed. The Present Study At a whole-school staff meeting, The Meadows identified a desire to measure the effectivity of multi-agency working centered on students with complex and profound acquisition troubles. At this meeting the school staff reported that they would wish to measure current multi-agency working within the school to larn about how that might be improved for future service bringing. This was so discussed at a planning meeting affecting the research worker, the school SENCo ( Particular Educational Needs Coordinator ) and deputy caput instructor. The present survey is an explorative probe into multi-agency working within this specialist proviso for kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles. The context for this survey is The Meadows School which was established in September 2000 following the reorganization of proviso for kids with particular educational demands in Newtown[ 2 ]and is now presently the lone primary school within Newtown Local Authority catering for the demands of kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles or disablements. In September 2006, The Meadows moved into a edifice which was trade name new and purpose built. Along with instruction and schoolroom support staff, the school is supported by a multi-agency squad of: physical therapists, occupational healers, address and linguistic communication healers, a specializer instructor of the visually impaired, a specializer instructor of the hearing impaired, clinical psychologist, educational psychologist and medical staff, such as the school nurse and the adviser baby doctor. There are presently 124 kids go toing The Meadows, runing in age from 2 old ages to 11 old ages. All are described as holding complex and profound acquisition troubles, which include: terrible autism, complex medical conditions, physical and mobility troubles, every bit good as terrible developmental hold. There is a high proportion of students from an cultural minority background and a little figure of looked after kids who attend The Meadows. An OFSTED review in summer 2007 rated the school as being ‘Good ‘ overall and the undermentioned were rated as outstanding: Foundation Stage proviso, Personal Development and Well-being, Care, Guidance and Support and Curriculum Activities. OFTSED study that â€Å" There are first-class working relationships with other suppliers and bureaus and these have a positive consequence on the development of course of study activities. † Purposes The purpose of this survey is to measure the effectivity of multi-agency working at The Meadows. This will be achieved by replying the undermentioned inquiries: 1. How is multi-agency working organised and structured at The Meadows? 2. How do multi-agency professionals ( MAPs ) at The Meadows perceive their ain and others ‘ functions? 3. How could multi-agency working at The Meadows be improved for future service bringing? Method Procedure This survey was conducted over a four month period from September to December, 2010. Table 1 nowadayss a timeline which illustrates the process ( informations aggregation methods are described in more item in the Measures subdivision of this survey ) . Time Action RADIO theoretical account ( Timmins et al. , 2003 ) phase September On an informal visit to the scene, The Meadows staff mentioned a demand for research to be conducted within the school. They felt research could assist the school develop future service bringing. I suggested a treatment is held with school staff to place some possible research countries. Phase 1: Awareness of demand raised by the school. Early October I met with school SENCo to discourse possible research countries. The rating of multi-agency working is agreed. I was asked to carry on the research. Phase 2: Invitation to move is given by the SENCo on behalf of the school Mid October I met with the SENCo, early old ages coordinator and deputy caput instructor to discourse research inquiries and purposes to be investigated. Phase 3, 4 A ; 5: Identifying stakeholders and discoursing who the results will impact and holding the focal point of concern. End October A research brief is emailed ( See Appendix One ) sketching the purposes of the research, research aims, attack, methodological analysis, timings and contact inside informations, including why information will be collected and how it would be used. Staff are asked to supply feedback on research brief. Phase 5 A ; 6: Identifying stakeholders and discoursing the focal point of concern every bit good as determining a model for informations assemblage. Early November I visited The Meadows to carry on a semi-structured interview with the early old ages coordinator, deputy caput instructor and caput instructor to larn about the school and how multi-agency on the job maps. Phase 7: Gathering Information stage 1. Mid November I conducted observations over two forenoons ( about seven hours ) to roll up informations. The intent was to depicting four things: the accomplishments and cognition staff were using in their function, working relationships between multi-agency staff, how multi-agency working was structured or organised and what sort of support was offered by MAPs. Phase 7: Gathering Information stage 1. End November I explored student files for information. The intent was to measure the accomplishments and cognition MAPs were using in their function and how multi-agency working was structured. Phase 7: Gathering Information stage 1. December Data was collected through the usage of questionnaires. Phase 7: Gathering Information stage 2. Measures The overarching purpose was to measure multi-agency working at The Meadows with an involvement in placing ways of developing future support for kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles at the school. A multi-method attack was used affecting two stages. Phase one, was chiefly analytic-inductive ( Robson, 2002 ) , using an interpretative attack as the footing for question, whereby, semi-structured interviews were conducted, pupil files were explored and observations were used to bring forth rich, qualitative information. Phase two consisted of structured questionnaires used to look into subjects originating from the interview responses and research relationships between variables to bring forth quantitative informations. Semi-structured interviews I visited The Meadows to carry on a semi-structured interview with the early old ages coordinator, deputy caput instructor and caput instructor to larn about the school and how it operates as a multi-agency squad. A semi-structured attack with open-ended interview inquiries was used, as suggested by Cohen and Manion ( 1989 ) to let the research worker to be flexible throughout the oppugning procedure, so that a free-flow of information could be achieved. An interview agenda of inquiries was created based on subjects which had emerged from a reappraisal of the literature. A list of possible inquiries was written ( see Appendix Two ) to motivate the interviewer sing the cardinal points to cover and subjects to turn to. As recommended by Robson ( 2002 ) there was flexibleness over the sequencing of inquiries, their exact diction and the sum of clip and attending given to different subjects depending on the response of the participant. The interviews were tape recorded which Robson ( 2002 ) suggests is good pattern to supply comprehensive informations for ulterior analysis. This method besides allowed me to concentrate on edifice resonance which is an built-in portion of a successful interview procedure ( Dexter, 1970 ) . At the start of each interview I described the interview procedure, about how long it should last, and the general topics to be covered. I asked the interviewee ‘s permission to enter replies and reassured confidentiality. The interviewees were asked if they had any inquiries before get downing the interview and once more at the terminal. After the interviews were complete, through informal treatment, participants were asked to reflect on the interview procedure. From feedback, it was found that respondents felt they had been able to reply inquiries in their ain clip and in their ain manner. Participants said they felt relaxed and liked my interview manner, as it was informal and â€Å" set them at easiness. † Observations I conducted observations over two forenoons and observed 15 members of staff working across four categories including, instructors, larning support practicians, physical therapists and address and linguistic communication healers. Before get downing observations, I introduced herself by mentioning to the information outlined in the research brief and inquiring for each participant ‘s consent to be portion of the research procedure. The observation technique involved analyzing a scope of grownups working with kids and depicting four things: the accomplishments and cognition staff were using in their function, working relationships between multi-agency staff, how multi-agency working was structured or organised and what sort of support was offered by MAPs. This was recorded on an observation record sheet ( see Appendix Three for sample record sheet ) . As proposed by Robson ( 2002 ) , information was recorded during observations and extra information was added shortly after each observation period, including interpretative thoughts and subjective feelings. Questionnaires The purpose was to try as broad a scope of bureaus as possible and cod informations through the usage of questionnaires from a scope of professionals from different bureaus who support students at The Meadows. An explanatory missive, along with a structured questionnaire ( See Appendix Three ) were sent to each member of staff at The Meadows through the usage of the school ‘s internal postal system and through electronic mail besides. The questionnaire was structured into six subdivisions. These subdivisions were based on subjects originating from the reappraisal of literature, interviews and observations conducted antecedently. The six subdivisions were as follows: background information, which explored the respondents ‘ function and clip worked at The Meadows ; communicating between MAPs including: teaching staff ; physical therapists ; occupational healers ; address and linguistic communication healers ; a specializer instructor of the visually impaired ; a specializer instructor of the hearing impaired ; clinical psychologist ; and educational psychologist. apprehension of ain and other multi-agency professional ‘s functions at The Meadows ; positions on administration and construction of multi-agency working at The Meadows as these facilitated or inhibited each respondent ‘s ain work and overall multi-agency working within the school ; environmental factors which may impact multi-agency working ; and other Factors act uponing multi-agency working. The inquiries were a mixture of open-ended inquiries which had no predetermined response options and needed respondents to enter their replies in sentences and scaling inquiries which required respondents to click a corresponding response on a five-point ordinal graduated table. A pilot questionnaire was administered to four participants. Through informal inquiring, respondents gave feedback which was incorporated into the concluding questionnaire design. 20 questionnaires were returned ( N=20 ) from a scope of bureaus, including: larning support helpers ( N=3 ) ; educational psychologist ( N=1 ) ; occupational healer ( N=1 ) ; address and linguistic communication healers ( N=2 ) ; physical therapist ( N=1 ) ; instructors ( N=6 ) ; librarian ( N=1 ) ; and senior Management staff ( N=5 ) . Consequences The consequences will be reported in relation to the research aims below: 1. How is multi-agency working organised and structured at The Meadows? 2. How do MAPs at The Meadows perceive their ain and others ‘ functions? 3. How could multi-agency working at The Meadows be improved for future service bringing? How is multi-agency working organised/structured at The Meadows? In order to derive insight into how The Meadows operates as a multi-agency squad, observations across the school were conducted, pupil files held at Newtown Inclusion Support were explored and information was gathered through interviews with the school ‘s early old ages coordinator, deputy caput instructor and caput instructor. Contented analysis of the informations from observations and interviews ( See Appendix Four for process ) suggests that The Meadows operates as an operational multi-agency bringing squad. Diagrammatic representation of this type of attack is provided in Figure 1.1. Figure 1.1 Operational squad bringing theoretical account During the interviews participants ( caput teacher, early old ages coordinator and deputy caput instructor ) were asked to name all the bureaus that on a regular basis work at The Meadows and depict how services are coordinated and delivered to back up students at the school. From their responses, it was possible to build a figure to demo the bureaus and their connection ( See Figure 1.2 ) . When asked, interviewees described multi-agency working at The Meadows as â€Å" a scope of experts who work in close propinquity and work together to present support to students, † ( head teacher ) with the overall purpose being, to accomplish â€Å" a bipartisan exchange of cognition, thoughts and accomplishments † ( head teacher ) between all those involved ( as indicated in Figure 1.2 ) . The Meadows Multi-agency squad bringing theoretical account Figure 1.2 The Meadows ‘s multi-agency squad bringing theoretical account. Health professionals: physical therapist, occupational healer, address and linguistic communication healers, clinical psychologist, pediatric adviser, Educational Psychologist. Education professionals: Educational Psychologist, instructors, larning support practicians, senior direction, co-ordinators. Other services: Parents, voluntaries, meal-time supervisors, site staff, disposal staff, drivers, librarian Social services: Social workers. The purpose of the operational bringing squad was reported to be for professionals from different bureaus to work together on a daily footing and to organize a cohesive multi-agency squad that delivers a person-centered service straight to students who attend The Meadows. By utilizing this attack senior direction at The Meadows hope to supply a â€Å" seamless service for parents † which offers a broad comprehensiveness of expertness, accomplishments and experience and hope this attack encourages â€Å" joined up believing † between bureaus, â€Å" an efficient free flow of information † and would promote â€Å" more creativeness. † Through questionnaires, MAPs who work at The Meadows were asked to rate their cognition and apprehension of assorted structural and organizational elements of multi-agency working at The Meadows such as the staffing construction and the organisation of the course of study. Respondents were asked to rate the extent to which they were involved in determining these elements and how they impacted on their engagement in multi-agency working. Chart 1 below represents the mean questionnaire response from staff ( larger sized chart available in Appendix Five ) . The responses were divided into three groups: senior direction, learning staff ( including larning support practicians ) and professionals who are employed by external bureaus such as address and linguistic communication healers, occupational healers, physical therapists and psychologists. This was done to see whether there were differences between groups. Although evaluations across all countries were high for all groups, it was found that senior direction rated their cognition of the construction of The Meadows and engagement in determining service bringing as highest across most classs. Teaching staff rated 2nd highest across the same countries and external bureaus rated lowest across these countries. This suggests that external bureaus perceive they have the lowest apprehension of The Meadows ‘s course of study, the least chances for joint planning and preparation bringing and the least input into future service bringing. Qualitative responses on the questionnaires from professionals employed by external bureaus, suggest that clip restraints are the chief ground for the deficiency of engagement in joint planning and preparation. Additionally, during interviews some staff reported that some MAPs do non hold a clear apprehension of The Meadows ‘s thematic course of study, which leads to them to propose extra marks which are ill-fitting with the curriculum marks already in topographic point. It was felt this frequently puts increasing demands on learning staff who are responsible for implementing marks suggested by external bureaus. How make MAPs at The Meadows perceive their ain and other ‘s functions? Through questionnaires MAPs were asked to name the cardinal accomplishments and cognition they considered that they implemented in their function at The Meadows. This information was triangulated with informations from observations and single student files. Figure 2 illustrates the cardinal accomplishments and cognition used by multi-agency staff at The Meadows in their daily working. Figure 2. diagrammatic representation of cardinal accomplishments and cognition Common Skills A ; Knowledge – specializer cognition ; – assessing pupil advancement ; – communication with other professionals A ; parents ; and – experience. Address and Language Therapists: – cognition of communicating development and swallowing troubles ; and – mark linguistic communication and option signifiers of communicating. Physical therapists: – expertness in all right and gross motor development ; and – placement and seating options. Teaching Staff ( including larning support practicians ) : – communication with parents A ; a broad scope of professionals ; – experience of working with kids with a broad scope of demand ; and – program, learn amp ; assess student advancement. Educational Psychologist: – advice on behavior direction rules ; -advice on accessing the course of study ; and – support student ‘s academic development. The cardinal circle in Figure 2. entitled ‘Common Skills and Knowledge ‘ , identifies a set of common accomplishments that all MAPs employed in their work at The Meadows. The qualitative responses from questionnaires suggested that some MAPs felt that there was some â€Å" function convergence † and â€Å" deficiency of lucidity † sing the cardinal duties of some professionals they worked with, which at times lead to repeat in the work carried out by different persons, peculiarly when measuring student advancement. This will be explored further in the Discussion subdivision of this paper. The following measure was to research how staff at The Meadows perceived their ain functions. Through questionnaires staff were asked to rate statements associating to their function and the functions of other MAPs. Consequences are presented in Chart 2 ( larger sized chart available in Appendix Five ) . The bulk of MAPs felt that they had a really good apprehension of their ain function and others ‘ functions. All staff members viewed themselves chiefly as a member of The Meadows ‘s staff squad. Those who are employed by an external bureau viewed themselves as chiefly members of The Meadows staff squad and besides view themselves as portion of an external bureau. Qualitative responses from this group suggest that some persons found that belonging to two administrations can be â€Å" hard to pull off at times, † can sometimes be â€Å" frustrating † and can at times â€Å" lead to conflict. † Overall, respondents felt that professional boundaries were non hard to traverse and they perceived that professional boundaries were somewhat blurred. Through questionnaires, staff were asked to rate the grade to which they understood the functions of other professionals who worked at The Meadows and how often they had contact with them. The consequences are presented in Chart 3 ( larger sized chart available in Appendix Five ) . The consequences show that there are fluctuations in the degree of apprehension of some professional functions and in the degree of contact with some professional groups. From the mean overall responses it is suggested that most respondents felt they had the clearest apprehension of the functions of: teaching staff, larning support practicians, address and linguistic communication healers, the instructor of the visually impaired, nursery nurses, the wellness attention squad and disposal staff. These groups were besides rated as holding the highest degree of contact, which suggests that high contact can take to better apprehension of others ‘ functions. There was least contact with the clinical psychologist, the instructor of the hearing impaired, societal workers and the educational psychologist. Qualitative responses from the questionnaire suggested that clip limitations affect contact with some professional groups, particularly those with merely one member such as the clinical psychologist, the instructor of the hearing impaired, societal workers and the educational psychologist, which adversely impacted other workers ‘ apprehension of the function. How could multi-agency working at The Meadows be improved for future service bringing? In general, respondents believed that multi-agency working at The Meadows was effectual and well-organised. However, qualitative responses suggested some countries for possible betterment were: clip restraints, deficiency of communicating and function ambiguity. Through qualitative responses on questionnaires it was suggested that communicating between MAPs was an country which could be addressed to better future service bringing at The Meadows. Seven cardinal elements to better communicating were identified, these were: systems in topographic point to let confidential exchange of information between bureaus for illustration, through secure web waiters ; chances for multi-agency meetings at regular intervals and available on a ‘as needed ‘ footing ; chances to run into as a whole staff with all MAPs who work at The Meadows to construct better working relationships ; a dependable point of contact to mention to for information and counsel when MAPs are non in school or non readily available ; a shared country on the school ‘s intranet where MAPs can portion information, programmes and how to implement recommendations ; guarantee disposal staff have a clear apprehension of the duties of MAPs who visit the school and are notified of when they are due to see ; and guaranting communicating with parents presents a â€Å" clear and cohesive image, † ( deputy caput instructor ) particularly when many professional bureaus are involved and there is possible for conflicting advice. Suggestions for bettering the apprehension of other multi-agency professionals ‘ functions were contributed as a manner of bettering future service bringing at The Meadows. Five perceived cardinal elements to better apprehension were identified. These were: a profile of each multi-agency professional who operates at The Meadows that other school staff can mention to, for information about their functions and duties ; more contact with MAPs. Classroom-based staff suggested it would be helpful if MAPs spent more clip in category ( if possible ) and had more chances to work straight with learning staff, kids and parents ; more chances created for joint planning between MAPs and classroom-based staff. more staff meetings to specify functions and construct professional relationships ; and more multi-agency engagement in the school ‘s â€Å" visioning yearss † where future service bringing is discussed. Reliability, cogency and generalisability It is of import to observe some of the restrictions of this peculiar survey. One such restriction is that the findings are specific to one peculiar scene and limited to the minute in clip the survey was conducted. It can non be assumed that consequences can be generalised to other instances and fortunes. The attack used in this survey does hold the potency to give conceptually rich, psychological histories of complex phenomena ( Turner, 1992 ) .The design of this survey was developed based on treatments with school staff and the research worker ‘s ain contemplations, doing it likely that prejudices exist which limit the dependability and cogency ( define and be specific ) of findings. For illustration, the steps used and the research design were determined by the research worker ‘s perceptual experiences of what the school would happen good and of import. Another possible restriction is that trying was across a figure of bureaus in this survey, nevertheless, there are other bureaus which were non involved that would hold been utile to include, the most noteworthy being societal workers, farther it would hold been helpful to research parents ‘ positions. The choice of bureaus and interviewees may hold led to the consequences being skewed. In footings of informations aggregation steps used, there are a figure of strengths and restrictions to each which are summarised below. Semi-structured Interviews: This attack allows some grade of flexibleness and provides a wealth of verbal and non-verbal rich and enlightening information ( Robson, 2002 ) . However, this attack lacks standardisation and can raise concerns over dependability ( Robson, 2002 ) . Besides, the flexibleness of this attack increases the likeliness of interviewer prejudice which can impact the cogency and dependability of responses. Focused Observations: The observation informations provided rich, qualitative information embedded within the context of the scene ( Robson, 2002 ) which added to the face cogency and dependability of the informations collected. However, experimental informations are capable to reading by the perceiver and trust on what the perceiver chooses to go to to. Besides, a deficiency of multiple perceivers can impact the dependability of reported informations. Questionnaires: This attack allowed a scope of persons to be involved in the research which may non hold been possible otherwise, due to clip restraints. Questionnaire response rate may hold been increased if the questionnaire could hold been shortened or conducted at a more convenient clip. Since content analysis was carried out by one research worker this may besides hold led to researcher prejudice. In footings of overall dependability and cogency of this survey, it is of import to observe that by utilizing a multi-method attack and triangulating the findings from several methods of informations aggregation ; it is possible to better dependability and cogency ( Robson, 2002 ) . Discussion and decisions The intent of this survey was to measure the effectivity of multi-agency working within a proviso for kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles by replying the undermentioned inquiries: 1. How is multi-agency working organised and structured at The Meadows? 2. How do MAPs at The Meadows perceive their ain and others ‘ functions? 3. How could multi-agency working at The Meadows be improved for future service bringing? When turn toing the first inquiry, it was noted that The Meadows maps as an operational multi-agency bringing squad. This attack relies to a great extent on effectual communicating and a high degree of committedness from all bureaus involved ( Atkinson et al. , 2002 ) . It relies on the effectual sharing of information and resources every bit good as the demand to happen clip to construct good working relationships between bureaus ( Atkinson et al. , 2002 ; Roaf and Lloyd, 1995 ) . When working within this theoretical account of service bringing, it is extremely of import to construct cognition and apprehension of each other ‘s functions, duties and precedences in order to advance cooperation between bureaus ( Atkinson et al. , 2002 ; Easen, 1998 ; McConkey, 2001 ) . When compared to staff who were for good based at The Meadows, such as learning staff and senior direction at the school, bureaus which are employed by external administrations, had the least apprehension of The Meadows ‘s course of study and rated their engagement in joint planning and staff preparation as lowest. Qualitative informations supported the position that that these countries were a possible failing in multi-agency working at The Meadows and that by turn toing the restrictions in these countries, future service bringing could be improved. In peculiar, it was suggested that MAPs should hold a clear apprehension of the alone course of study The Meadows provides for each single student. Pupils work on a â€Å" thematic course of study based on chance † ( head instructor ) , which includes elements of the National Curriculum and besides is separately tailored to supply chances to develop accomplishments and experiences in countries such as personal and societal instruction, communicating, independency and drama relevant to each kid. Rushmer and Pallis ( 2002 ) suggest that for an administration to accomplish its ends and aims, the work of single squad members must be linked into a consistent form of activities and relationships. The consequences from this survey suggest there is a set of common accomplishments that all MAPs employed in their work at The Meadows, viz. : specializer cognition, measuring student advancement, pass oning with other professionals every bit good as parents and pulling upon old experience. In relation to these findings, other research suggests that blurred professional boundaries and deficiency of lucidity around functions and duties can constitue a barrier to integrated working ( Cameron and Lart, 2003 ) . In contrast, other research has shown that joint-working relies upon the meeting of the accomplishment, experience and cognition of each professional to bring forth positive results that merely working together can accomplish ( Rushmer and Pallis, 2002 ) . When look intoing how multi-agency working at The Meadows could be improved for future service bringing, staff felt that betterments could be made to the effectivity of communicating between professional groups and where there is function ambiguity originating from integrated working ( Percy-Smith, 2005 ; Stewart, Petch, A ; Curtice, 2003 ) . For case, there is ambiguity around the different functions and duties of professional bureaus who work at the school. Expand on this†¦ The consequences of this survey are supported by findings from old research on multi-agency working which suggest that clip is a cardinal hinderance to effectual multi-agency working ( Gill, 1989 ; Hudson, 2003 ; Lloyd-Bennett A ; Melvin, 2002 ; Stead et al. , 2004 ; Walker, 2003 ) . This survey indicates that The Meadows could develop communicating and apprehension. This could be encouraged through increased articulation working and chances for contact through meetings and preparation, better cognition of each other ‘s functions would besides assist persons work together efficaciously. Encouragingly, professionals at The Meadows are by and large happening joint working a good and positive experience and are acute for it to develop. Through a mixed-method attack this survey captures the sentiments and contemplations of a group of professionals who have developed successful coaction to back up kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles who attend The Meadows and has explored ways in which this success can be built upon for future pattern. Word Count: 5,798 Mentions Anning, 2001 Atkinson et al. , 2002 Bank, 1992 Barnes, 2008 Barnes, 2008 Brown and White ( 2006 ) Cameron and Lart, 2003 Cameron and Lart, 2003 ) . Carpenter ( 1995 ) , Carpenter, 2000 Clark, 1993 ; Pirrie et al. , 1998 Cochrane, 2000 ; DCSF, 2008, School Census Department of Health, 2001 Dexter ( 1970 ) DfES, 2003, 2004 DfES, 2004 DoH, 2006 ) . Easen, 1998 FEFC, 1996 Forbes, 2007 Gerwirtz, 2002 Gill, 1989 ; Hudson, 2003 ; Hirst and Baldwin, 1994 Kimberlee, 2001 LGA Research Report 26 ; Atkinson, Wilkin, Stott, Doherty, A ; Kinder, 2002 Lloyd-Bennett A ; Melvin, 2002 ; Maras et al. , 2002 McConkey, 2001 Mencap, 2000 ; Nolan, 1995 Percy-Smith, 2005 ; Pirrie et al. , 1998 Roaf ( 2002 Roaf and Lloyd, 1995 Robson, C. ( 2002 ) Real World Research: A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner-Researchers. 2nd erectile dysfunction. Oxford: Blackwell. Rushmer and Pallis ( 2002 ) Rushmer and Pallis ( 2002 ) Sloper ( 2004 Stead et al. , 2004 ; Stewart, Petch, A ; Curtice, 2003 ) . Turner, 1992 Walker, 2003 Wilson and Pirrie, 2000 Wilson and Pirrie, 2000 World Health Organization, 2001 How to cite Multi-agency working in a special school setting, Essay examples

Engineering Philosophy

Question: Discuss about the Engineering Philosophy. Answer: Introduction. Engineering philosophy is the study that elaborates what engineering entails, the function of engineers and the importance that their functions impact the society. Asbestos occurs naturally and it is recognized for its wide range of uses (Bucciarelli, 2003). It is mainly known for its ability to resist heat, ability to be easily malleable, it is ability to resist heat conductivity, and it has been used in production of fire proof vests and in construction of buildings. Asbestos has been banned in many countries due to its ill effect when people are exposed to it. Engineers ought to have determined the effect of asbestos before utilizing it. It is morally wrong to utilize a product that is known to cause ill effect to people (Cherry, 1998). Asbestos has been known to cause diseases when inhaled. It is not morally acceptable to use materials that affect the health of people who are exposed to asbestos. Inhaled asbestos take a relatively long period of time to be noticed. When inhaled, they cause inflammation in the lungs and scarring. Other diseases known to be caused by asbestos include: asbestosis, lung cancer, mesothelioma and pleural plaques (Castleman, 2005). Asbestos causes inflammation of the lungs when inhaled, it leads to shortness of breath, exposed persons suffer from prolonged coughs and exposure over a long period of time leads to the damage of the lungs. Exposure to asbestos causes development of carcinogenic tumors in the lining of the lungs. The engineers in the construction industry have to act and stop the utilization of products containing asbestos. The government ought to ban any products that are tested and proved to contain asbestos in them. Exposure to asbestos in the long run leads to death of loved ones (Scheberle, 2004). It causes the economy to be poor as there will be decreased manpower as the exposed will be weak to work. Resources will be used in the treatment of loved ones and this will lead to straining of the available resources. Stakeholders in asbestos industry function to control the effect of the compound in the environment. They function in the provision of safety control measures and the enforcement of the national strategic plan of the country. The asbestos safety and eradication council functions to ensure that there is no health related hazard that will affect persons while in their occupational areas (Sato, 2010). The research advisory committee functions to prove the existing effect of asbestos in the environment. They ascertain that the said issues are related to asbestos. International partners function by offering insight on the dangers that face humans when exposed to asbestos (Miyamoto, 2011). Moral values that are involved include: being caring- This entails that the engineers ought to be ethical in their work so as to avoid harming others while performing their functions. Taking personal responsibility as an epistemic value, persons that produce materials that contain the asbestos ought to be held accountable for their actions (Mumford, 1981). Appealing- this value incorporates the aesthetic value that should accompany a product by being efficient causing no harm to people. The values discussed above are related. Taking personal responsibility is an instrumental value as it incorporates the human values such as empathy, respect and being honest truthful and trustworthy. Appealing is an intrinsic value as it does not incorporate other values. Epistemic value is instrumental as it incorporates other factors that are derived from literature. There is no value conflict between the epistemic, aesthetic and ethical values that govern the usage of asbestos (Blackwell, 2000). In other countries, the ban of asbestos has not been effected. This can lead to contamination of other regions in case one gets to move from one region carrying the asbestos. This will lead to development of illnesses in the countries that have banned its usage. Options available. Ensure that the asbestos containing materials (ACM) have been identified and a management action is stipulated according to the environmental regulations. Work that is likely to interfere with the underlying structure containing asbestos should be stopped immediately until adequate preventive measures are employed to prevent the employees from being exposed to asbestos (Oliver, 2015). Evaluate and monitor to determine any deformity that could have occurred on the asbestos and employ a corrective measure to control the effects of the exposed asbestos. Come up with policies that will regulate the handling of asbestos containing materials in the work place. Undertake risk assessment on the asbestos containing materials so that mitigation measures can be employed in case of a hazard. Acquire a semi-permanent plan that will cater for the directions that will be followed in the handling of the asbestos materials and employ control measures that will monitor the management action plan in th e mitigation strategies against the asbestos. Ethical evaluation. Each individual is tasked to ensure that the environmental they are in is well taken care so as to control the effects of asbestos if they are available. This entails proper identification of items containing asbestos and laying of a proper framework to manage it. This aims at protecting the health of other employees and the general public. Work that is likely to interfere with the fabric of the asbestos has to be carried out with much care (Phil, 2010). Work permits must be specific in case the employees will be exposed to asbestos, determining individuals who will monitor the work, identifying the methods that will be used in handling the ACM and ensuring that individuals occupying places that contain asbestos are well trained in the maintenance. Control measures should come in handy in handling asbestos effect in the environment. Utilitarianism is described as illustrating happiness and consequentialism. This theory depicts that factors that can lead to happiness are good. Things that contribute to happiness have utility. Factors that differentiate good and evil are based on the happiness of a person and the happiness of the community. Consequentialism is described as the judgement that an individual faces due to his or her actions that led to happiness. Happiness and freedom become limited if they affect the happiness and freedom of other people and the community (Hao, 1997). The principle of utility from Benthams view entails: the total happiness of individuals in a society defines the good, good in the society is achieved by upholding morality, if a principal that is moral is able to achieve the good for the society, then it is perfect and adherence to the moral principles by determining the pleasures and the pains, then the good of the society is achieved. Kantianism theory is based on how right or wrong is an action that was done by an individual compared to how right or wrong were the consequences of the action that had been undertaken. The Kantianism theory is an illustration of the deontological moral theory. Its first conceptualization states that "Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law [of nature]." Contractualism theory is described that an action is wrong if the process that was used to undertake the action does not conform to principles that govern the behavior that is not morally right. Contractualism is based on the reasoning of an individual and the factors that led the person to do a particular act (Peter, 2005). Contractualism accounts for the standards that morality sets in the society and factors that determine the rightness and wrongness. Virtue ethics stresses on the need of an individual to poses a character that is morally acceptable as compared to a virtue that is attributed to one performing his or her duties so as to enhance positive consequences (Peter, 2005). This theory emphasizes on nurturing good traits from an early stage. Care ethics involves people upholding good relationships between the care givers and receivers so as to maintain the world for all. Assessment is important so as to determine if the environment is exposed to the asbestos containing materials. This will lead to development of policies to manage the presence of asbestos so as to prevent its effects on humans. Reflection The theories agree on intuition and common sense as they are guided by principles that bring out the good for the individuals and the society. The theories agree on the available options for action. One is responsible for the consequences that befall him or her for the actions that they undertook. The principles guide that the actions should bring happiness both to the individual and the community and if it interferes with the happiness of an individual or a community, then the action was inappropriate. If an individual decides to contaminate the environment by improperly handling asbestos, the individual ought to be responsible for the consequences that befall him or her. Ethical conflicts can be resolved by ensuring that the common principles ensure that actions undertaken bring happiness to both the individual and the society. Ethical theories only differ on the point of view of actions but they all are guided by the common good of the community. The appropriate cause of action is to ensure that individuals are held accountable for their actions. This is because engineers ought to conduct a preliminary analysis to determine the effect of their actions on the environment and failure to do so, results to consequences. References Blackwell, Laforllette. (2000). The Blackwell guide to ethical theory. Edited by Hugh. Oxford University Press. Bucciarelli, L. (2003).Engineering philosophy(1st ed.). Delft: DUP Satellite. Castleman, B. (2005).Asbestos(1st ed.). New York: Aspen. Resolutions of political philosophy Cherry, K. (1998).Asbestos(1st ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. European Journal on social philosophy. Hao Wang,(1997). A Logical Journey: From Godel to philosophy. https://books.googlecom/books?isbn=026261251 Miyamoto, K., Morinaga, K., Mori, H. (2011).Asbestos Disaster(1st ed.). Tokyo: Springer Japan. Mumford, E. (1981).Values, Technology and Work(1st ed.). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. Sato Hajime, (2010). Management of Health risks and Politics of Health Risk Management- Asbestos and BSE. Scheberle, D. (2004).Federalism and Environmental policy: Trust and Politics of Asbestos(1st ed.). London. Oliver Mack, Anshuman Khare, Andres Kramer, (2015). Managing in VUCA world. International Health and Safety. Peter Achinstein (2005). Scientific evidence: Philosophical Theories and Application. The Law in Philosophical perspective. Phil Hughes, Ed Ferrett, (2010). Introduction to international health and safety at work. Second edition: Springer Netherlands